Pentest Toolkit - Scanning & Enumeration

 Pentest Toolkit - Scanning & Enumeration

Scanning and Enumeration :

Scanning and Enumeration are two essential steps in the process of network enumeration and reconnaissance in the field of cybersecurity.

Scanning:

Scanning is the process of probing a target network or system to identify open ports, services, and operating systems. It involves sending network traffic to target systems and analyzing the responses to determine which systems are active and what services are running on them.

Scanning can be performed using various tools, including port scanners, vulnerability scanners, and network mapping tools. The goal of scanning is to gather information about the target network or system, such as identifying the IP address, hostname, open ports, services running on those ports, and the operating system being used.

Enumeration:

Enumeration is the process of gathering information about a target system, network or application by actively querying it. It involves connecting to the target system or network and extracting useful information that can be used to launch further attacks. Enumeration often follows scanning and can be performed manually or with the help of automated tools.

Enumeration involves probing the system or network for vulnerabilities, identifying usernames, passwords, and other system information, and gathering data about the target’s network architecture. Enumeration can be done through various methods such as brute-forcing, querying DNS, performing banner grabbing, and extracting information from system files, etc.

Scanning and Enumeration Toolkit :

• Nmap
• Nikto
• Dnsenum
• Openvas & Nessus
• Oscanner
• Enum4linux
• PrivesCheck
• LinEnum
• Dnsdumpster
• Sqlninja
• Sqlsus
• Vega
• Wpscan and joomscan
• Dirb
• Gobuster
• wfuzz
• Filmap
• CURL
• Whatweb
• Powershell scripts

In the upcoming blogs, we can see about other tools that are used in the penetration testing process!

Pentest Toolkit - Information Gathering

Pentest Toolkit - Information Gathering

• The penetration tester uses tools to find information about the site and vulnerabilities in the site.
• Most of the tools mentioned here are free and open source.
• The tools can be used to automate certainly and make them organized.
• Learning to use tools is necessary for penetration tester but it is essential to understand how the tool work and how to perform that operation without a tool. Since the understanding of basics is essential.
• Various tools are available for penetration testing, from information gathering to report writing. 
• In the following blogs, we can get to know about those tools that are used!

Information Gathering:

• Osint Framework
• DIg
• Dnsenum
• Sublist3r
• Dnstracer
• Hping3
• Whois
• Nmap
• Google Hacking Database
• Doxing Techniques
• Dnsrecon
• Sslstrip
• Wireshark
• Recon-ng
• Nikto
• Maltego & Casefile
• Meetagofil
• Walw00f

In the upcoming blogs, we can see about other tools that are used in the penetration testing process!

Hacking Lab setup

Practice is the only way to check what we know and what we need to know.

In this domain, It is illegal to perform any kind of attack on the running network without proper permission. So, To improve knowledge a lab is created with vulnerabilities that can be exploited by individuals. This lab can be hosted by the tester in their own system and network in an isolated environment which doesn't cause any damage to any organisation or individuals.

This platform is known as Metasploitable.

In this blog, we can understand in detail the Metasploitable lab and how to use it...

Metasploitable

Introduction

Metasploitable is an intentionally vulnerable virtual machine designed to be exploited for testing and learning purposes. It is a popular tool for penetration testing and security research, providing a platform for practicing and improving hacking skills in a safe and controlled environment.

In this blog, we will take a detailed look at Metasploitable, including its features, how to set it up, and some of the most common exploits that can be used to attack it.

Features

Metasploitable is designed to simulate a real-world vulnerable system, with various services and configurations that can be exploited to gain access and perform attacks. Some of the features of Metasploitable include:

• Multiple services: 
• Metasploitable includes a variety of services such as web servers, FTP servers, and databases, all of which can be exploited using different techniques.

• Realistic configurations: 
• The system configurations in Metasploitable are designed to be realistic, including default passwords, vulnerable software versions, and insecure settings.

• Easy to set up: 
• Metasploitable is easy to set up and run, with pre-installed software and configurations that require minimal configuration.

Setting up Metasploitable

To set up Metasploitable, you will need to download the virtual machine image from the official website and install it in virtualization software such as VirtualBox or VMware.

Here are the steps to set up Metasploitable:

• Download the Metasploitable virtual machine image from the official website.
• Install virtualization software such as VirtualBox or VMware on your computer.
• Open the virtualization software and create a new virtual machine.
• In the settings of the new virtual machine, select the option to use an existing virtual hard disk and choose the Metasploitable virtual machine image that you downloaded.
• Start the Metasploitable virtual machine and wait for it to boot up.
• Once the virtual machine is running, you can connect to it using SSH or a web browser, depending on the services that you want to access.

Common exploits for Metasploitable

There are many different exploits that can be used to attack Metasploitable, depending on the specific services and configurations that are running. Here are some of the most common exploits that can be used:

• Exploiting vulnerabilities in the Apache web server: 
• Metasploitable includes a vulnerable version of the Apache web server that can be exploited using tools such as Metasploit to gain access to the system.

• Exploiting vulnerabilities in the SSH server: 
• Metasploitable also includes a vulnerable version of the SSH server that can be exploited using tools such as Hydra or Metasploit to perform brute-force attacks on the login credentials.
• Exploiting vulnerabilities in the FTP server: 
• The vulnerable version of the FTP server in Metasploitable can be exploited using tools such as Metasploit to gain access to the system.
• Exploiting vulnerabilities in the Samba server: 
• Metasploitable includes a vulnerable version of the Samba server that can be exploited using tools such as Metasploit to gain access to the system.

Conclusion

Metasploitable is a powerful tool for penetration testing and security research, providing a realistic and controlled environment for practicing hacking skills. By setting up and attacking Metasploitable, security professionals and enthusiasts can gain valuable experience in identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities in real-world systems, and improve their overall security knowledge and skills. However, it's important to use Metasploitable responsibly and ethically, and only on systems that you have permission to test.

Metasploit Overview

Metasploit

Introduction

Metasploit is a popular and powerful penetration testing framework that allows users to identify and exploit vulnerabilities in networks and systems. It is a free and open-source tool that provides a comprehensive platform for conducting ethical hacking and penetration testing activities. In this blog post, we will discuss the features, usage, and benefits of Metasploit.

Features

Metasploit offers a wide range of features that make it a powerful tool for penetration testing and ethical hacking. Some of the key features of Metasploit include:

• Exploit modules: 
• Metasploit provides a wide range of exploit modules that can be used to identify and exploit vulnerabilities in networks and systems.

• Payloads: 
• Metasploit provides a variety of payloads that can be used to deliver malicious code to targeted systems.

• Post-exploitation modules: 
• Metasploit provides a variety of post-exploitation modules that can be used to gather information and maintain access to targeted systems.

• Customizable: 
• Metasploit is highly customizable and can be tailored to specific needs and requirements.

• Reporting: 
• Metasploit provides a variety of reporting options that can be used to generate detailed reports on penetration testing activities.

Usage

Metasploit can be used for a variety of tasks, including:

• Penetration testing: 
• Metasploit can be used to conduct penetration testing activities to identify vulnerabilities in networks and systems.

• Ethical hacking: 
• Metasploit can be used for ethical hacking activities to identify and exploit vulnerabilities in networks and systems.

• Exploit development: 
• Metasploit can be used to develop custom exploits and payloads for specific vulnerabilities.

• Security research: 
• Metasploit can be used by security researchers to identify and analyze new vulnerabilities and threats.

Benefits

Metasploit offers several benefits that make it a valuable tool for penetration testing and ethical hacking. Some of the key benefits of Metasploit include:

• Comprehensive: 
• Metasploit provides a comprehensive platform for conducting penetration testing and ethical hacking activities.

• Customizable: 
• Metasploit is highly customizable and can be tailored to specific needs and requirements.

• Open-source: 
• Metasploit is free and open-source software, making it a cost-effective option for penetration testing and ethical hacking.

• Active community: 
• Metasploit has an active community of developers and users who contribute to the development and improvement of the tool.

Conclusion

Metasploit is a powerful and versatile tool that can be used for penetration testing, ethical hacking, exploit development, and security research. Its wide range of features, customization options, and cost-effectiveness make it a popular choice for both individuals and organizations. Whether you are a penetration tester, ethical hacker, or security researcher, Metasploit can help you identify and exploit vulnerabilities in networks and systems and improve overall security.

Wireshark Overview

 WIRESHARK

Introduction

Wireshark is a free and open-source network protocol analyzer that allows users to capture and analyze network traffic in real time. It is one of the most widely used tools for network analysis and troubleshooting, as it provides a comprehensive view of network traffic and allows users to identify and troubleshoot various issues. In this blog post, we will discuss the features, usage, and benefits of Wireshark.

Features

Wireshark offers a wide range of features that make it a powerful tool for network analysis and troubleshooting. Some of the key features of Wireshark include the following:

• Packet capture and analysis: 
• Wireshark can capture network packets and display them in a detailed, easy-to-read format.

• Protocol analysis: 
• Wireshark can analyze a variety of network protocols, including TCP, UDP, HTTP, DNS, and more.

• Filter and search: 
• Wireshark allows users to filter and search for specific packets or protocols, making finding and analyzing relevant data easier.

• Statistics and graphs: 
• Wireshark provides detailed statistics and graphs that can be used to visualize network traffic patterns and identify potential issues.

• Customization: 
• Wireshark can be customized with various plugins and scripts, allowing users to tailor it to their needs.

Usage

Wireshark can be used for a variety of tasks, including:

• Network troubleshooting: 
• Wireshark can be used to identify and troubleshoot various network issues, such as slow network performance, connection failures, and more.

• Network monitoring: 
• Wireshark can be used to monitor network traffic in real-time and detect any anomalies or suspicious activity.

• Security auditing: 
• Wireshark can be used to identify and analyze security threats, such as malware, viruses, and other malicious activity.

• Protocol development: 
• Wireshark can be used by developers to test and debug network protocols and applications.

Benefits

Wireshark offers several benefits that make it a valuable tool for network analysis and troubleshooting. Some of the key benefits of Wireshark include the following:

• Real-time analysis: 
• Wireshark allows users to capture and analyze network traffic in real time, making it easier to identify and troubleshoot issues as they occur.

• Comprehensive analysis: 
• Wireshark provides a comprehensive view of network traffic, allowing users to identify issues and anomalies that may not be visible with other tools.

• Customization: 
• Wireshark can be customized with various plugins and scripts, allowing users to tailor it to their nee

• Open-source: 
• Wireshark is free and open-source software, making it a cost-effective option for network analysis and troubleshooting.

Conclusion

Wireshark is a powerful and versatile tool that can be used for a variety of tasks, including network analysis, troubleshooting, and security auditing. Its wide range of features, real-time analysis, and customization options make it a popular choice for both individuals and organizations. Whether you are a network administrator, developer, or security analyst, Wireshark can help you analyze and troubleshoot network issues and keep your network running smoothly.

Nmap Overview

NMAP

Introduction

Nmap is a free and open-source tool used for network exploration and security auditing. It can be used to identify hosts and services on a network, as well as to detect vulnerabilities and potential security threats. In this blog post, we will discuss the features, usage, and benefits of Nmap.

Features

Nmap offers a wide range of features that make it a popular tool for network exploration and security auditing. Some of the key features of Nmap include:

• Host discovery: 
• Nmap can be used to scan a network and identify the hosts that are active and available.

• Port scanning:
•  Nmap can scan the ports of the identified hosts to discover which services are running on them.

• Operating system detection: 
• Nmap can detect the operating system of the identified hosts.

• Service version detection: 
• Nmap can detect the version of the services that are running on the identified hosts.

• Scriptable interaction with the network: 
• Nmap can be scripted to automate various tasks, such as scanning, data collection, and analysis. 

Usage

Nmap can be used for a variety of tasks, such as:

• Network exploration: 
• Nmap can be used to explore a network and identify the hosts that are active and available.

• Vulnerability detection: 
• Nmap can be used to detect vulnerabilities in the identified hosts and services.

• Network monitoring: 
• Nmap can be used to monitor a network and detect any changes or anomalies.

• Penetration testing: 
• Nmap can be used to perform penetration testing and simulate various attack scenarios.

• Network troubleshooting: 
• Nmap can be used to troubleshoot network issues by identifying the hosts and services that are causing the problem.

Conclusion

Nmap is a powerful and versatile tool that can be used for network exploration and security auditing. Its wide range of features, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness make it a popular choice for both individuals and organizations. Whether you are exploring a new network, performing a security audit, or troubleshooting network issues, Nmap can help you gather the information you need to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions.

Vulnerability assessment

Vulnerability assessment

Introduction

Vulnerability assessment is a systematic approach to identifying and assessing security weaknesses in a system or network. It involves identifying potential vulnerabilities and analyzing their impact on the security of the system or network. This blog provides a detailed and complete overview of vulnerability assessment, including its importance, the steps involved in the assessment process, and the various tools and techniques used to conduct a vulnerability assessment.

Importance of Vulnerability Assessment

Vulnerability assessment is critical in ensuring the security of a system or network. It helps to identify security weaknesses and prioritize them based on their severity, allowing organizations to allocate resources to address the most critical vulnerabilities first. A vulnerability assessment also helps organizations to comply with regulatory requirements by identifying and mitigating potential security risks.

Steps in Vulnerability Assessment

The vulnerability assessment process typically involves the following steps:

• Scope Definition :
• The first step is to define the scope of the assessment, including the systems or networks to be assessed, the types of vulnerabilities to be identified, and the testing methodologies to be used.
• Asset Discovery :
• The next step is to identify all assets in the scope of the assessment, including hardware, software, and network components.
• Vulnerability Scanning :
• Vulnerability scanning involves using automated tools to identify potential vulnerabilities in the assets. The tools scan the systems or networks for known vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and other security weaknesses.
• Vulnerability Analysis :
• After the scanning is complete, the vulnerabilities identified are analyzed to determine their severity and the potential impact on the security of the system or network.
• Risk Assessment :
• The vulnerabilities are then prioritized based on their severity and the potential impact on the security of the system or network.

• Reporting : 
• The final step is to prepare a report that summarizes the results of the assessment, including a list of identified vulnerabilities and recommendations for addressing them.

Tools and Techniques for Vulnerability Assessment

Several tools and techniques are used in vulnerability assessment, including:

• Network Scanners: 
• Network scanners are used to identify devices and services on a network and to detect vulnerabilities in these devices.

• Port Scanners: 
• Port scanners are used to identify open ports on a network, which can be used to identify potential vulnerabilities.

• Vulnerability Scanners: 
• Vulnerability scanners are automated tools that scan systems or networks for known vulnerabilities and provide a report of the vulnerabilities found.

• Penetration Testing: 
• Penetration testing involves simulating an attack on a system or network to identify vulnerabilities that may not be detected by automated tools.

        

        

Conclusion :

Vulnerability assessment is a critical component of any organization's security strategy. By identifying and prioritizing security weaknesses, organizations can allocate resources to address the most critical vulnerabilities and comply with regulatory requirements. The vulnerability assessment process involves several steps, including scope definition, asset discovery, vulnerability scanning, vulnerability analysis, risk assessment, and reporting. Various tools and techniques are used in vulnerability assessment, including network scanners, port scanners, vulnerability scanners, and penetration testing. Overall, vulnerability assessment plays a crucial role in maintaining the security and integrity of a system or network.

Various Hacking Techniques - Part I

 HACKING TECHNIQUES 

There are various hacking techniques performed by hackers to gain information about the target. The target can be a person, organization, or network. The information about the target is very necessary for performing an attack on the target. Some of the commonly used methods to gather information about the target are :

• Reconnaissance
• Social Engineering
• Network Scanning

Reconnaissance :

Reconnaissance is the process of gathering information about a target system, network, or organization with the goal of identifying potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited in a cyber attack. It is the first step in a cyber attack and involves collecting data about the target to gain an understanding of its architecture, security protocols, and potential entry points.

Types of Reconnaissance:

Passive Reconnaissance: 

        This type of reconnaissance involves collecting information about the target without interacting with it directly. This can be done through online research, social media, or other public sources of information.

Active Reconnaissance: 

        Active reconnaissance involves directly interacting with the target system or network to collect information. This can be done through port scanning, vulnerability scanning, or other methods that involve sending packets to the target system.

Physical Reconnaissance: 

        Physical reconnaissance involves physically observing the target to gather information about its security systems, access points, and other vulnerabilities. This can be done by visiting the physical location of the target, such as an office building or data center.

Social Engineering: 

        Social engineering is a type of reconnaissance that involves manipulating people to gain access to sensitive information. This can be done through phishing emails, phone calls, or other methods that involve tricking the target into sharing information.

Methods of Reconnaissance:

Network Scanning: 

        Network scanning involves scanning a target network to identify potential entry points, open ports, and vulnerabilities.

OSINT: 

        Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) involves gathering information about the target from publicly available sources, such as social media, company websites, or online forums.

Social Engineering: 

        Social engineering involves manipulating people to gain access to sensitive information. This can be done through phishing emails, phone calls, or other methods that involve tricking the target into sharing information.

Dumpster Diving: 

        Dumpster diving involves searching through trash or recycling bins to find information about the target. This can include sensitive documents, passwords, or other information that can be used to gain access to the target.

How to Prevent Reconnaissance:

Network Monitoring: 

        Organizations can monitor their networks for suspicious activity and potential reconnaissance attempts.

Access Controls: 

        Access controls can limit access to sensitive information and systems to authorized personnel only.

Strong Passwords: 

        Strong passwords and multi-factor authentication can prevent unauthorized access to systems or data.

Security Software: 

        Companies can use security software, such as firewalls and antivirus software, to detect and prevent reconnaissance attempts.

Social Engineering :

Social engineering is the art of manipulating people to perform actions or divulge sensitive information that would otherwise not be accessible. Social engineers take advantage of human emotions, psychological weaknesses, and social norms to gain access to systems, data, or personal information. It is a common tactic used by cybercriminals to gain access to sensitive information or systems.

Types of Social Engineering Attacks:

Phishing: 

        This is one of the most common social engineering attacks where attackers impersonate a legitimate entity to deceive the target into sharing sensitive information or clicking on a malicious link.

Pretexting: 

        This type of social engineering involves creating a fake scenario to trick the target into giving out sensitive information or performing an action that would benefit the attacker.

Baiting: 

        Baiting is a type of social engineering attack where attackers offer something attractive to the target, such as a free movie or game, to lure them into clicking on a malicious link or downloading a malware-infected file.

Tailgating: 

        This is a physical social engineering attack where attackers follow authorized personnel into restricted areas by pretending to be an employee, delivery person, or contractor.

Spear Phishing: 

        Spear phishing is a more targeted form of phishing where attackers gather information about the target to create a personalized attack that appears to be legitimate.

How to Prevent Social Engineering Attacks:

Awareness: 

        The first step in preventing social engineering attacks is to educate employees and users on the different types of attacks and how to spot them. Employees should be trained to verify the authenticity of emails and messages before sharing any sensitive information.

Strong Passwords: 

        Employees should be trained to use strong passwords and multi-factor authentication to prevent unauthorized access to systems or data.

Limited Access: 

        Access to sensitive data or systems should be limited to only authorized personnel.

Regular Updates: 

        Systems and software should be updated regularly to patch any vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.

Security Software: 

        Companies should use security software, such as antivirus and firewalls, to protect against social engineering attacks.

Network Scanning :

Network scanning is the process of gathering information about a target network to identify potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited in a cyber attack. It is a critical step in the reconnaissance process and can help attackers identify weak points in a network's security architecture.

Types of Network Scanning:

Port Scanning: 

        Port scanning involves scanning a network to identify open ports and services. Attackers can use this information to identify potential vulnerabilities and plan their attacks.

Vulnerability Scanning: 

        Vulnerability scanning involves scanning a network to identify potential vulnerabilities, such as outdated software or weak passwords. Attackers can use this information to exploit these vulnerabilities and gain access to the network.

Host Discovery: 

        Host discovery involves identifying all the devices connected to a network. Attackers can use this information to identify potential targets and plan their attacks.

Operating System Identification: 

        Operating system identification involves identifying the operating system running on devices connected to the network. Attackers can use this information to identify potential vulnerabilities specific to that operating system.

Methods of Network Scanning:

Ping Scanning: 

        Ping scanning involves sending a series of ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) packets to identify devices connected to the network. This can help attackers identify potential targets for further scanning.

TCP/IP Scanning: 

        TCP/IP scanning involves sending packets to different ports on a network to identify open ports and services. This can help attackers identify potential vulnerabilities and plan their attacks.

Banner Grabbing: 

        Banner grabbing involves retrieving information about the services running on open ports. This can help attackers identify potential vulnerabilities and plan their attacks.

Operating System Fingerprinting: 

        Operating system fingerprinting involves analyzing network traffic to identify the operating system running on devices connected to the network. This can help attackers identify potential vulnerabilities specific to that operating system.

How to Prevent Network Scanning:

Firewall: 

        A firewall can help prevent unauthorized access to a network by blocking traffic from unauthorized sources.

Vulnerability Management: 

        Regular vulnerability scanning and patching can help prevent attackers from exploiting known vulnerabilities in a network.

Network Segmentation: 

        Network segmentation can limit the potential impact of a successful attack by isolating sensitive systems from the rest of the network.

Intrusion Detection System: 

        An intrusion detection system can help detect and prevent network scanning attempts by alerting administrators to suspicious activity.

Basic Overview On Ethical Hacking

ETHICAL HACKING

Introduction:

        In today's digital age, cyber threats have become increasingly sophisticated, and the need for cybersecurity has become more critical than ever. One of the most effective ways to protect against these threats is through ethical hacking. Ethical hacking, also known as "white hat" hacking, involves using the same techniques as hackers to identify vulnerabilities in computer systems and networks, but with the goal of improving security rather than causing harm. In this blog, we will discuss ethical hacking in more detail, including its benefits, the different types of ethical hacking, and some best practices for ethical hackers.

What is Ethical Hacking?

        Ethical hacking is a process of identifying security vulnerabilities and weaknesses in computer systems, networks, and applications. It involves performing tests and using techniques similar to those used by malicious hackers, but with the aim of improving security rather than causing harm. Ethical hacking is an essential component of modern-day cybersecurity, as it helps organizations identify and mitigate potential security risks before they can be exploited by malicious actors.

Benefits of Ethical Hacking:

        Ethical hacking offers several benefits for organizations and businesses, including:

            Enhanced Security: 

                By identifying and addressing vulnerabilities, ethical hacking helps organizations improve their overall security posture, reducing the risk of data breaches and cyber-attacks.

            Cost Savings: 

                Ethical hacking can help organizations save money by identifying security weaknesses early on before they become more costly to address.

            Compliance: 

                Ethical hacking can help organizations comply with industry-specific security standards and regulations, such as HIPAA and PCI-DSS.

            Reputation: 

                By demonstrating a commitment to security through ethical hacking, organizations can enhance their reputation and build trust with customers and stakeholders.

Types of Ethical Hacking:

There are several types of ethical hacking, including:

• Network Hacking: 
• This involves testing the security of network infrastructure, including firewalls, routers, and switches.

• Web Application Hacking:
• This involves testing the security of web applications, including e-commerce sites and online banking portals.

• Wireless Network Hacking:
• This involves testing the security of wireless networks, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

• Social Engineering: 
• This involves testing the human element of security by using techniques such as phishing and pretexting to gain access to sensitive information.

Best Practices for Ethical Hacking:

• Obtain Authorization: 
• Ethical hackers must obtain authorization from the organization they are testing before conducting any tests.

• Use Ethical Methods: 
• Ethical hackers must use only legal and ethical methods when conducting tests and must never cause harm to the organization or its systems.

• Protect Data: 
• Ethical hackers must protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of any data they access during testing.

• Report Findings: 
• Ethical hackers must report any vulnerabilities they identify to the organization and provide recommendations for addressing them.

Opportunity for Ethical Hackers:

• The demand for ethical hackers has been growing rapidly in recent years due to the increasing number of cyber attacks and the need for businesses and organizations to protect their sensitive data. As more companies move their operations online and store their data in the cloud, the risks of cyber-attacks and data breaches are only increasing. 
• This presents a significant opportunity for ethical hackers who can help these organizations identify and mitigate security vulnerabilities before they can be exploited by malicious actors.
• Ethical hackers can work in a variety of settings, including private companies, government agencies, and consulting firms. They may also work as independent contractors, offering their services to businesses and organizations on a project-by-project basis. Some of the specific roles that ethical hackers may hold include:
• Security Analyst: 
• A security analyst is responsible for identifying and mitigating security risks within an organization's systems and networks. They may use ethical hacking techniques to identify vulnerabilities and recommend solutions to address them.
• Penetration Tester: 
• A penetration tester is responsible for testing an organization's security defenses by attempting to exploit vulnerabilities in its systems and networks. They may work with the organization to develop and implement strategies for improving security.
• Security Consultant: 
• A security consultant provides expert advice and guidance to businesses and organizations on how to improve their overall security posture. They may work with organizations to develop security policies and procedures, as well as provide training and education on best practices for security.
• Forensic Analyst: 
• A forensic analyst is responsible for investigating cyber crimes and incidents, such as data breaches and hacking attacks. They may use ethical hacking techniques to identify the source of the attack and gather evidence to support legal proceedings.

Conclusion:

Ethical hacking is an essential component of modern-day cybersecurity, helping organizations identify and mitigate potential security risks before they can be exploited by malicious actors. By using ethical hacking techniques, organizations can improve their overall security posture, reduce the risk of data breaches and cyber attacks, and demonstrate their commitment to security to customers and stakeholders. Ethical hackers must follow best practices and use legal and ethical methods when conducting tests, and must always protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of any data they access during testing. 

Basic Overview Of Cyber Security

Cyber Security

Before starting with any domain it is necessary to answer these questions:

    

    What is the definition of cyber security?

    What are the jobs available?

    Is there any opportunity out there?

Definition :

        Cybersecurity protects computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access or damage. In today's digital age, the need for cybersecurity is higher than ever before. 

        Cyberattacks are increasing in frequency and sophistication, putting individuals, organizations, and governments at risk.

        Cybersecurity is critical in today's digital age. Cyberattacks can result in financial loss, damage to reputation, loss of intellectual property, and even the compromise of national security.

Importance of Cyber Security :

        

        Cybersecurity is critical because it protects sensitive data from unauthorized access, misuse, or theft. Cyberattacks can result in financial loss, damage to reputation, loss of intellectual property, and even the compromise of national security. Cybersecurity measures help to minimize these risks and keep sensitive information safe.

Common types of Cyber Attacks :

        Cyber threats can be broadly classified into three categories: 

            malware

            phishing

            social engineering.

        Malware:

            Malware is malicious software that is designed to cause harm to a computer system, network, or device. Malware can take many forms, including viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware.

        Phishing: 

            Phishing is a type of cyber attack where the attacker sends fraudulent emails, text messages, or social media messages to trick the victim into providing sensitive information. This information can include login credentials, credit card numbers, and other personal information.

        Social Engineering: 

            Social engineering is a tactic used by cybercriminals to manipulate individuals into providing sensitive information. Social engineering attacks can take many forms, including pretexting, baiting, and quid pro quo.

Some practices for keeping individuals and organizations safe :

Use Strong Passwords: 

        Strong passwords are critical to protecting sensitive data. Use a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols. Avoid using common words, phrases, or personal information.

Keep Software Up to Date: 

        Keep your computer, mobile devices, and software up to date with the latest security patches and updates. This will help to protect against known vulnerabilities.

Use Two-Factor Authentication: 

        Two-factor authentication provides an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of authentication, such as a fingerprint or code sent to your phone, in addition to your password.

Back-Up Data Regularly: 

        Back up your data regularly to ensure that you can recover your data in the event of a cyber-attack or other disaster.

Use Antivirus Software: 

        Antivirus software can help to protect against malware and other cyber threats. Make sure to keep your antivirus software up to date.

Be Cautious of Suspicious Emails and Messages: 

        Be wary of emails or messages that ask for personal information, contain suspicious links, or seem too good to be true.

Use a Virtual Private Network (VPN): 

        A VPN encrypts your internet connection and can help to protect your privacy online.

Some of the job roles in the field of Cyber Security :

For workers with the necessary skills and qualifications, the sector of cybersecurity offers a wide range of options. The need for cybersecurity specialists is expanding as technology develops. In the field of cybersecurity, there are a few options listed below:

Cybersecurity Analyst: 

        A cybersecurity analyst is responsible for protecting an organization's computer systems and networks from cyber threats. They monitor systems for suspicious activity, investigate security breaches, and implement security measures to prevent future attacks.

Cybersecurity Consultant: 

        A cybersecurity consultant works with organizations to assess their security risks and develop strategies to protect against cyber threats. They may also provide training to employees on best practices for staying safe online.

Penetration Tester: 

        A penetration tester, also known as an ethical hacker, tests an organization's computer systems and networks for vulnerabilities. They use the same methods as cyber criminals to identify weaknesses in the system and recommend ways to improve security.

Security Engineer: 

        A security engineer designs and implements security solutions to protect an organization's computer systems and networks from cyber threats. They may also be responsible for monitoring systems for suspicious activity and responding to security incidents.

Security Architect: 

        A security architect is responsible for designing and implementing an organization's overall security strategy. They work to ensure that all systems and networks are protected from cyber threats and that security measures are in place to prevent attacks.

Cryptographer: 

        A cryptographer designs and implements encryption algorithms to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access. They may also be responsible for analyzing and breaking encryption systems used by cybercriminals.

Incident Responder:

        An incident responder is responsible for responding to security incidents and mitigating their impact. They may work with law enforcement agencies to investigate cybercrimes and identify the perpetrators.

There are majorly two categories in cyber security :

There are several teams involved in cyber security :

Security Operations Center (SOC) Team: 

        The SOC team is responsible for monitoring an organization's networks, systems, and applications for suspicious activity. They use various tools to identify potential threats, investigate incidents, and respond to security breaches.

Incident Response (IR) Team: 

        The IR team is responsible for responding to security incidents and mitigating their impact. They work quickly to contain the incident, investigate the cause, and develop a plan to prevent future incidents.

Vulnerability Management Team: 

        The vulnerability management team is responsible for identifying and prioritizing vulnerabilities in an organization's systems and networks. They work to patch vulnerabilities, mitigate risks, and prevent potential cyber-attacks.

Threat Intelligence Team: 

        The threat intelligence team is responsible for monitoring the latest threats and vulnerabilities in the cybersecurity landscape. They provide insights and recommendations to other teams on how to prevent or respond to potential threats.

Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) Team: 

        The GRC team is responsible for ensuring that an organization's cybersecurity policies and procedures are in compliance with industry regulations and standards. They work to identify and mitigate risks, implement security controls, and develop security policies.

Security Engineering Team: 

        The security engineering team is responsible for designing and implementing security solutions to protect an organization's systems and networks from cyber threats. They may develop security policies, conduct security assessments, and implement security technologies.

Forensics Team: 

        The forensics team is responsible for conducting digital forensics investigations in the event of a security incident. They work to collect and analyze digital evidence to identify the cause of the incident and gather evidence for legal or disciplinary action.

Conclusion:

        There are a lot of opportunities in this domain both in the offensive and defense teams.

But to sustain in this domain one should keep themself updated with the latest technologies 

and the latest attack which includes how they happened and how they protected themself.

Schedule for getting started in cyber security

Jumpstart Your Cybersecurity Career: A Step-by-Step Learning Schedule for Beginners

Learning any skill from the beginning is quite hard unless or until we get an idea of two questions

        How to start?

        Where to start?

In this blog, we can get a basic schedule for getting started in the field of cyber security.

This schedule is been created for 90 days.

Week 1-2: Introduction and Basics

    Day 1-2: 

        Read about what ethical hacking is and its importance.

    Day 3-4: 

        Familiarize yourself with different types of hacking techniques such as social engineering, reconnaissance, network scanning, and vulnerability assessment.

    Day 5-6: 

        Learn about the different tools used in ethical hacking such as Nmap, Metasploit, and Wireshark.

    Day 7-14: 

        Install and practice using the tools you learned about. You can start with beginner-friendly tools like Port Scanners, such as Angry IP Scanner and Advanced IP Scanner.

Week 3-4: Networking and Web Application Security

Day 15-18: 

        Understand basic networking concepts such as TCP/IP, DNS, and HTTP.

Day 19-21: 

        Learn about network security such as firewalls, IDS/IPS systems, and VPNs.

Day 22-25: 

        Understand how web applications work and their vulnerabilities.

Day 26-28: 

        Learn about web application security tools such as Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP, and Nikto.

Day 29-30: 

        Practice using web application security tools on vulnerable applications.

Week 5-6: Penetration Testing Methodology and Vulnerability Scanning

Day 31-34: 

        Understand the methodology behind penetration testing and how it is performed.

Day 35-38: 

        Learn about vulnerability scanning tools such as Nessus and OpenVAS.

Day 39-42: 

        Practice using the vulnerability scanning tools on your own systems or in a virtual environment.

Week 7-8: Exploitation Techniques and Social Engineering

Day 43-46: 

        Understand how to exploit vulnerabilities in systems and applications.

Day 47-50: 

        Learn about social engineering techniques such as phishing and pretexting.

Day 51-54: 

        Practice exploiting vulnerabilities on vulnerable applications or systems.

Day 55-56: 

        Practice social engineering techniques on friends or colleagues (with their permission).

Week 9-10: Wireless and Mobile Security

Day 57-60: 

        Understand the basics of wireless networking and its vulnerabilities.

Day 61-64: 

        Learn about mobile security and its vulnerabilities.

Day 65-68: 

        Practice using wireless hacking tools such as Aircrack-ng and Reaver.

Day 69-70: 

        Practice using mobile hacking tools such as AndroRAT or AppUse.

Week 11-12: Advanced Techniques and Reporting

Day 71-74: 

        Learn advanced hacking techniques such as zero-day exploits and advanced persistent threats.

Day 75-78: 

        Understand the importance of reporting your findings and how to do so professionally.

Day 79-82: 

        Practice writing reports on the vulnerabilities and exploits you discovered.

Day 83-85: 

        Participate in online forums or CTF competitions to practice your skills.

Day 86-90: 

        Review and revisit any topics you may be struggling with, practice applying your knowledge to new targets, and seek out additional resources as needed.

This 90 days schedule may not make you a cyber security professional but this will definitely help in getting a path to what to learn. Once we get a complete understanding of the basic. We can concentrate on a certain skills that we interested in the most. 

This help in getting a clear vision on the target. As a beginner this vision helps to maintain the interst in the domain.